• • Botany is the study of plants.

In botany, plants are classified into divisions instead of phyla.

The divisions are based on three factors:

1. 1. Vascularization
   2. Seed Production
   3. Flowering

LAND PLANTS

Embryophytes

•In general, land plants are:

1. 1. autotrophs (photoautotrophs)
   2. reproduce asexually and sexually
   3. multicellular
   4. Phototropic- grow toward light
   5. cell walls made of cellulose

• The phyla of kingdom

Plantae are divided into four major divisions…

1. 1. Bryophyta
   2. Pteridophyta
   3. Gymnosperms
   4. Angiosperms

1. Bryophyta (the mosses)

• Characteristic      
  • Non Vascular
  • Reproduce with Spores
  • Includes the mosses, liverworts, and hornworts

1. Pteridophyta (the ferns)

charateristic

• • Vascular
  • Reproduce with Spores
  • Clubmosses, horsetails, and ferns.

VASCULAR PLANTS

                           Tracheophytes- Vascular plants

Tracheophytes are land plants that have vascular tissue. They include all plants except for bryophytes.

• • Vascular tissue forms vessels that carry water, plant products and nutrients up and down the plant.
  • Xylem: Vessels that carry water and soil nutrients from the roots to the plant parts. (flows up!) They are always interior to the phloem.
  • Phloem: Vessels that carry food (products of photosynthesis) form the leaves to the rest of the plant (flows down!) They are always exterior to the xylem.
  • This allows them to grow taller/larger than non-vascular plants such as the bryophytes.

                       SEED PRODUCING PLANTS

1. Spermatophytes

Spermatophytes are plants that reproduce with seeds instead of spores.

• larger than spores.

• multicellular.

• produced by the fertilized gametes (ovules and pollen) of plants.

• germinate more easily than spores because they do not require much moisture.

• spread by the plant itself, animals, or the wind.

• can be naked or enclosed in the ovary of a flower/fruit.

• Two groups of seed producing plants angiosperms (enclosed) and gymnosperms (naked).

                                  FLOWERING PLANTS

                   Figure of a flower

Stamen = male reproductive organ (pollen is released here)

• Pistil = female reproductive organ (ovule is housed here)

Angiosperms (flowering plants)

characteristics

• Became the most dominant plant type about 60-100 million years ago.

• The largest and most diverse division of plants.

• Come in two basic types: monocots and dicots

• Flowers are found on specialized stems called inflorescence.

Autotrophic  • Vascular                                           

• Flowering/fruiting • Seed Reproduction

1. Heterotrophic Angiosperms

characteristic

• • Carnivorous/insectivorous Plants:
  • Heterotrophic adaptation increases,the growth and reproduction of the plant- most can grow strictly from autotrophic plant products but grow and reproduce better when heterotrophic.
  • They capture prey and externally digest it, then absorb the nutrients.
  • Parasitic and Saprophytic plants:
  • Heterotrophic- some are still slightly autotrophic but some lack cholorphyll completely and are strictly heterotrophic
  • Steal food, nutrients, and water from other plants
  • Usually do not have roots
  • Chemotrophic